• Postoperative pulmonary complications emerge as the central theme, examining how thoracic procedures, diaphragmatic perturbations, and induced pneumothorax alter ventilation and hemodynamics, highlighting embolic risks and collapse phenomena through case series and physiological studies [3], [7], [6], [12], [2], [14].

• Therapeutic management of hypoxemia and edema via oxygenation strategies forms a second strand, including controlled oxygen chambers for pneumonia, and measurements of blood gases to track gas exchange, illustrating early respiratory support modalities [4], [20], [1].

• Asthma and allergic disorders receive sustained attention, combining clinical classification, pediatric emphasis, and occupational/environmental allergen exposure to understand disease heterogeneity and management implications [13], [16], [19].

• Interventional approaches, including resection for infection, bronchial lumen diagnostics (bronchoscopy), and pneumectomy/pulmonary cautery, illustrate the period's push toward curative or palliative lung therapies and the evolving role of thoracic surgery in pulmonary disease [14], [17], [18], [15].

• Measurement-focused work establishes lung capacity and its determinants across children and disease contexts, together with anatomical-histological explorations of the respiratory spaces to link structure, function, and clinical interpretation [5], [8], [10].